Chang Wei | Chinese were the pioneers of mechanical watches

As the ancient Eastern kingdom with a history of 5,000 years of civilization, China has produced many timepieces in the history of a long process of development, from the oldest Chinese timekeeping instrument Tugui to Joseph Needham's (1900-1995) ) Is known as the Hydrographic Observatory equipped with the prototype of the "escapement." The pioneer of mechanical watches was born in this long history.

Armillary sphere is an important ancient Chinese astronomical instruments, one of the main purposes is to determine the location of celestial bodies. In the early literature, the celestial bodies, celestial bodies or celestial bodies are often referred to as celestial celestial bodies and celestial bodies as celestial bodies, namely the celestial bodies and celestial bodies claimed by later generations. The former is used for astronomical measurements, the latter for demonstration purposes. However, it is these instruments in the continuous development of the gradual birth of a mechanical escapement prototype, become the forerunner of mechanical watches.
In the second century AD, Eastern Han scientist Zhang Heng (78-139) produced a "celestial globe" that uses hydraulic as the driving force of the operating mechanism and a device that shows the number of days per month. It can be said that a mechanical timer is provided. In the year 725, the "Water Armillary Sphere Instrument" manufactured by his party (683-727) and Liang Ling-tao was based on the principle of hydraulic propulsion by Zhang Heng's armillary sphere instrument. It not only shows the law of day and month operation, but also automatically Timekeeping. It is not only the world's first automatic mechanical timer, but also the use of "waterwheel linkage escapement" (because the operation of the planet is based on time, while the mechanical structure to achieve the operation of time must be able to form a time Interval device, so there was the early "escapement").

During the Northern Song Dynasty, Su Song (1020-1101) and Han Gonglian produced the "Hydrographic Apparatus Observatory." It was a giant mechanical device that combined the armillary sphere, the imagery and the mechanical timer, and used hydraulic as the driving force. In order to make The operation of the whole set of institutions is in line with the uniform, constant velocity and accurate timing of the planet. Su Song created the "escapement" that meets the high-precision requirements on the basis of drip-leakage technology. "Elevators" is about 12 meters high, 7 meters square, is divided into three layers: the upper armillary sphere, astronomical observations; the middle of the image can be simulated celestial bodies for synchronous presentation; the lower is the heart of the instrument part of the time , Timekeeping, power sources are in this layer. Joseph Needham, a famous British historian of science and technology, once described a period of six centuries buried in the history of science and technology in China. He said that when Western timepieces entered China in the early 17th century, they were actually equipped with an escapement The rudiments of the institution have appeared in China 600 years ago - what he refers to as "the water platform." As an internationally acclaimed master of clock and watch art, the collection of antique clocks and clocks, and the appreciation of the experts' magnification of feather plumes, for the first time in the world put forward the view that Chinese people have created the history of clocks and watches after years of collecting, researching and innovating clocks and watches. Four Ancient Inventions in Ancient China - One of the Great Inventions Comparing the Compass, the Papermaking, the Printing, and the Gunpowder.
How to separate the timing from the traditional astronomical instruments? The Yuan Dynasty scientist Guo Shoujing (1231-1316) gave the answer. His "Da Mingdian lamp Drain", which was made in 1276, is powered by water currents but has no function of observing astronomical phenomena. It merely highlights the timeliness and ornamental character. The whole is based on the palace lantern as a model, divided into four layers: the third layer of 12 separate licensed wooden people, respectively, show the child, ugly, Yin and other hours, at the same time divided into 100 minutes; the fourth floor there are four wooden, each People percussion bell, drums, 钲, 铙 a musical instrument, respectively, on behalf of a moment, two engraved, three engraved and so on. It has also become the first mechanical timer in China to depart from astronomical instruments.

By the late Yuan Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty, China's mechanical timers had changed in shape and structure. In 1360, the "five hourglass" made by Zhan Xiyuan was a typical representative. Through the quicksand flow from the sand pool to the sand bucket, in order to drive the rotation of the five rounds, the last level of gear driven in the horizontal rotation of the middle wheel, which is very similar to the Western clock transmission wheel system; middle wheel has a The root pointer, the pointer is rotated on a graduated disk in order to show the time, which in turn with the modern clock disk structure is quite the same. This timer has been very close to the structure of modern mechanical watches.

Armillary sphere
2. Water transport platform, contained in the "new method of law to be"
3. Water transport equipment as the lower part of the window of the door there are licensed wooden people were shown, the number engraved

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